We applied the scoping review methodology proposed by Arksey and O'Malley ( 7), which had been further improved by the methodology developed by the Joanna Briggs Institute ( 8). We have conducted a scoping review of the articles published in 2010–2022 to understand the features of the sleep apps, user requirements and the design guidelines to improve those apps. Therefore, guidelines are needed to improve the performance of sleep apps, and this paper aims to review the current apps to understand the research gaps and provide guidelines to design better sleep apps. ( 6) found that most sleep apps in the market cannot meet the quality, content, and functionality requirements to manage sleep by users. ( 5) also stated in their scoping review that the utility of wearable activity monitors in improving sleep needs more evidence to support it. ( 4), the result shows that most apps cannot distinguish and record snoring noises from various disturbing noises in real-life situations. With a three-piece test set up by Stippig et al. ( 3) stated that mobile phone interventions could attenuate sleep disorders and improve sleep quality. They found that most of the articles they reviewed focused on validation of sleep application, and there was a gap in interventions in more target populations such as patient populations ( 2). ( 2) conducted a scoping review of the use of consumer-targeted wearable and mobile technology. Previous studies have already analyzed the validation and efficiency of sleep apps. ![]() It is crucial to analyse the utilization of mobile apps to support sleep and further improve the quality of daily life. For example, with the microphone and sound sensor of the mobile phone, we can monitor people's breath while sleeping. Thus, mobile apps have become a popular tool for delivering sleep treatments. With the development of technology, there are fewer barriers to accessing mobile phones, and we can establish mobile apps with many useful functions. The treatment of sleep disorders varies, and some can be delivered online, such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for insomnia. Sleep disorders include short sleep duration, insomnia, snoring, sleep apnea, parasomnias, and restless leg syndrome. According to the Sleep Health Survey of Australian Adults ( 1), inadequate sleep has affected 33–45% of adults in Australia. It is widely accepted that disturbed sleep is an influential factor leading to many mental health disorders. Sleep is an essential biological need for human beings that will support us in getting resting, healing, and being ready for the next day. Existing studies have proved the initial validation and efficiency of delivering sleep treatment by mobile apps however, more research is needed to improve the performance of sleep apps and devise a way to utilize them as a therapy tool. Facilitators and barriers to using apps were identified, along with the evidence-based design guidelines. Several wearable devices have been used with mobile apps to record sleep duration and sleep problems. The most frequently provided functions by the apps are sleep monitoring, measuring sleep, providing alarms, and recording sleep using a sleep diary. In total, 1,650 peer-reviewed articles were screened, and 51 were selected for inclusion. We searched articles (2010 to 2022) from Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct, PubMed, and IEEE Xplore using the keyword sleep apps. This scoping review aims to conduct a systematic investigation of mobile apps and technologies supporting sleep, including the essential functions of sleep apps, how they are used to improve sleep and the facilitators of and barriers to using apps among patients and other stakeholders. Due to the proliferation of mobile devices and the development of communication technologies, mobile apps have become a popular way to deliver sleep disorder therapy or manage sleep. Sleep disorders are prevalent nowadays, leading to anxiety, depression, high blood pressure, and other health problems. 2School of Computer, Data and Mathematical Sciences, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia.1Centre for Design Innovation, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, Australia. ![]() Abdullah Al Mahmud 1 *, Jiahuan Wu 2 and Omar Mubin 2 *
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